Secondary Cities and Urban Networking in the Indian Ocean Realm 1400-1800

With the Closure of the Overland Silk Road in the Fourteenth Century Following the Collapse of the Mongol Empire, the Indian Ocean Provided the Remaining Vital Link for Wider Cultural, Political, and Societal Integrations Prior to the Western Colonial Presence. Collectively, These Studies Explore the History of Non-Metropolitan Urban Settings C. 1400-1800 in the Indian Ocean Realm, From the Ottoman Empire and the African Coastline at the Mouth of the Red Sea in the West to China in the East. This Was an Age of Heightened International Commercial Exchange That Pre-Dated the European Arrival, Which in the Indian Ocean Paired Islamic Expansionism and Political Authority, And, Alternately, in the Case of Mainland Southeast Asia, Partnered Buddhism With New Centralizing Monarchies. While Grounded in Multi-Disciplinary Urban Studies Literature, the Twelve Studies in This Collection Explore Secondary Center Networking, As This Networking Distinguishes Secondary Cities From Metropolitan Center